1831
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'''1831''' was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar).
Events
February-March - Revolts in Modena, Parma and the Papal States are put down by Austrian troops
February 14 - Ras Marye of Yejju marches into Tigray and defeats and kills the warlord Sabagadis in the Battle of Debre Abbay.
February 20 - Battle of Grochow. Polish rebel forces divide a Russian army.
March 1 - United States Democratic-Republican Party|Democrat Samuel Smith (politician)|Samuel Smith becomes President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate until December 4
March 9 – French Foreign Legion founded
March 19 - City Bank of New York is the site of the first bank robbery in United States history ($245,000 taken).
April 7 - Pedro I of Brazil abdicates as emperor of Brazil in favor of his son Pedro II of Brazil.
April 21 - New York University is founded in New York City, New York.
May 26 - Battle of Ostroleka. The Poles fight another indecisive battle.
June 1 - James Clark Ross discovers the position of the North Pole|North Magnetic Pole on the Boothia Peninsula.
July 21 - Inauguration of Léopold I of Belgium, first king of the Belgium|Belgians
August 2 - Dutch invasion of Belgium. It is repelled by a French army
August 21 - Outbreak of Nat Turner's slave rebellion in Southampton County, Virginia. Approximately 55 whites stabbed, shot and clubbed to death.
September 6-September 8|8 - Battle of Warsaw (1831)|Battle of Warsaw - The Russians take the Polish capital and crush resistance.
September 22 - UK House of Commons passes the Reform Bill - it is later defeated in the House of Lords
October 26 – Cholera epidemic begins in Sunderland, England
October 30 - In Southampton County, Virginia, escaped slave Nat Turner is captured and arrested for leading the bloodiest slave revolt in United States history.
October 31 - Rioters burn down 100 houses in Bristol, UK - intervention by 14th Dragoons leads to death of hundreds
November 11 - In Jerusalem, Virginia, Nat Turner is hanged after inciting a violent slave uprising.
December 27 - Charles Darwin embarks on his historic journey aboard the HMS Beagle|HMS ''Beagle''.
''The Sydney Morning Herald'' newspaper is first published.
Cholera in Hamburg
Births
January 7 - Heinrich von Stephan, German postal union organizer (d. 1897)
January 26 - Mary Mapes Dodged, writer (d. 1907)
March 3 - George Pullman, American inventor and industrialist (d. 1897)
March 6 - Friedrich von Bodelschwingh, theologian (d. 1910)
March 12 - Clement Studebaker, American automobile pioneer (d. 1901)
March 20 - Solomon L. Spink, U.S. Congressman from Illinois (d. 1881)
June 1 - John Bell Hood, American Confederate general (d. 1879)
June 13 - James Clark Maxwell, Scottish physicist (d. 1879)
June 28 - Joseph Joachim, Austrian violinist (d. 1907)
July 22 - Emperor Komei of Japan (d. 1867)
12 August - Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, Russian-born author and theosophist (d. 1891)
September 18 - Siegfried Marcus, German-Austrian automobile pioneer (d. 1898)
October 6 - Richard Dedekind, German mathematician (d. 1916)
October 18 - Emperor Friedrich III of Germany (Hohenzollern)|Frederick III of Germany (d. 1888)
October 31 - Romualdo Pacheco, Governor of California (d. 1899)
Deaths
January 21 - Achim von Arnim, German poet (b. 1781)
February 14 - Vincente Guerrero, Mexican revolutionary leader (b. 1782)
February 17 - Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (b. 1785)
February 25 - Friedrich Maximilian Klinger, German writer (b. 1752)
April 20 - John Abernethy (surgeon) (b. 1764)
April 27 - Charles Felix of Savoy, King of Sardinia (b. 1765)
June 27 - Sophie Germain, French mathematician (b. 1776)
July 4 - James Monroe, 5th President of the United States (b. 1758)
July 16 - Louis Alexandre Andrault Graf Langeron, Russian general (b. 1763)
August 24 - August von Gneisenau, Prussian field marshal (b. 1760)
November 11 - Nat Turner, American slave rebel (b. 1800)
November 14 - Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Georg Hegel, German philosopher (b. 1770)
November 16 - Carl von Clausewitz, German military strategist (b. 1780)
Sabagadis - Ethiopian warlord
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