1848
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'''1848''' is a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar.
Events
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The Revolutions of 1848, a series of widespread but failed struggles for more classical liberalism|liberal governments, from Brazil to Hungary.
January 12 - The Palermo rising in Sicily rises against the Bourbon kingdom of Two Sicilies
January 24 - California Gold Rush: James W. Marshall finds gold at Sutter's Mill, in Coloma, near Sacramento, California|Sacramento
January 24 - The Storming of the Venezuelan National Congress takes place.
January 26 - Henry David Thoreau addresses the Concord Lyceum with "The Rights and Duties of the Individual in Relation to Government" (which later came to be known as ).
February 2 - Mexican-American War: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is signed, ending the war.
February 2 - California Gold Rush: The first ship with China|Chinese emigrants seeking fortune in California's gold country arrive in San Francisco, California|San Francisco.
February 19 - First rescue party reaches the Donner Party, a convoy of settlers almost buried under snow near what is now the Donner Lake. They have eaten everything, including their own dead
February 21 - Karl Marx publishes ''The Communist Manifesto''.
February 22 - In Paris, revolt erupts against the king Louis Philippe of France|Louis Philippe. Two days later he abdicates, leading to the French Second Republic|Second Republic.
March 4 - Charles Albert of Savoy|Carlo Alberto di Savoia signs the ''Statuto Albertino'' that will represent the first constitution of the ''Kingdom of Italy|Regno d'Italia''
March 7 - The Great Mahele (land division) is signed in Hawaii.
March 10 - The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is ratified by the United States Senate, ending the Mexican-American War.
March 15 - Revolution breaks out in Pest. The Habsburg rulers are compelled to meet the demands of the Reform party.
March 20 - King Ludwig I of Bavaria abdicates
March 23 - Province of Otago in New Zealand is founded.
March 29 - An upstream ice jam stops almost all water flow over Niagara Falls for 30 hours
April 10 Chartism|Chartist 'Monster Rally' held in Kennington Park London, headed by Feargus O'Connor. A petition demanding the franchise is presented to parliament.
April 10 - Bridge collapses in Yarmouth, England - 250 dead
May 15 - Radicals invade the France Chamber of deputies
May 19 - Mexican-American War: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo - Mexico ratifies the treaty thus ending the war and ceding Texas, California and most of Arizona and New Mexico to the United States for $15 million dollars.
May 29 - Wisconsin is admitted as the 30th U.S. state.
July 19 - Women's rights: Seneca Falls Convention - The two day Women's Rights Convention opens in Seneca Falls, New York and the "Bloomers" are introduced at the feminism | feminist convention.
July 29 - Irish Potato Famine: Tipperary Revolt - In Tipperary, an unsuccessful nationalist revolt against United Kingdom|British rule is put-down by a government police force.
August 17 - Yucatan officially united with Mexico
August 19 - California Gold Rush: The ''New York Herald'' breaks the news to the East Coast of the United States, that there is a gold rush in California (although the rush started in January)
August 28 – Mathieu Luis, first black member joins the French parliament as a representative of Guadaloupe
November 1 - In Boston, Massachusetts, the first medical school for women, The Boston Female Medical School (which later merged with Boston University School of Medicine), opens.
November 3 - Greatly revised Netherlands|Dutch constitution proclaimed
November 7 - U.S. presidential election, 1848: United States Whig Party|Whig Zachary Taylor of Louisiana defeats United States Democratic Party|Democrat Lewis Cass of Michigan in the first US presidential election held in every state on the same day.
December 2 - Ferdinand I of Austria|Ferdinand I, Emperor of Austria, abdicates in favor of his nephew, Franz Josef I of Austria|Franz Josef I.
December 10 - Prince Napoleon III of France|Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte elected first president of the French Second Republic.
December 20 - President Bonaparte takes his Oath of Office in front of the French National Assembly.
December 26 - Phi Delta Theta Fraternity founded
Cholera epidemic in New York kills 5000
Associated Press founded in New York
Queen's College for women founded in London
Boston Public Library is founded by an act of the Great and General Court of Massachusetts
Shaker song ''Simple Gifts'' is written by Joseph Brackett in Alfred, Maine
First railway in Spain is opened, with line Barcelona to Mataró (circa 40 km).
Illinois and Michigan Canal is completed.
Independent Republic of Yucatan joins Mexico in exchange for Mexican help in suppressing revolt by Maya Indians.
Serfdom is abolished in Austro-Hungarian Empire.
John Bird Sumner becomes archbishop of Canterbury.
British, Dutch, and German governments lay claim to New Guinea.
Admiral Gennadi Nevelskoi|Nevelskoi explores Strait of Tartary.
Dunedin, New Zealand is founded by Scots settlers.
University of Ottawa is founded.
University of Mississippi is founded.
University of Wisconsin, Madison is founded.
Geneva College in Pennsylvania is founded.
Holmes County, Florida is created.
Elizabeth Gaskell publishes ''Mary Barton'' anonymously.
Henrik Ibsen publishes first play ''Catilina''.
Ivar Aasen publishes Grammar of the Norwegian Dialects.
Robert Schumann composes opera ''Genoveva''.
Richard Wagner begins writing libretto that will become Der Ring des Nibelungen (''The Ring of the Nibelung'').
Rhodes College is founded.
Ongoing events
Mexican-American War (1846-1848)
Irish Potato Famine (1845-1849)|Irish Potato Famine (1845-1849)
Births
January 6 - Hristo Botev, Bulgarian revolutionary (d. 1876)
January 19 - John F. Stairs, Canadian businessman and statesman (d. 1904)
January 21 - Henri Duparc, French composer (d. 1933)
January 27 - Togo Heihachiro, Japanese admiral (d. 1934)
February 5 - Joris-Karl Huysmans, French author (d. 1907)
February 5 - Belle Starr, American outlaw (d. 1889)
February 8 - Joel Chandler Harris, American journalist and author (d. 1908)
February 14 - Benjamin Baillaud, French astronomer (d. 1934)
February 16 - Octave Mirbeau French art critic and novelist (d. 1917)
February 18 - Louis Comfort Tiffany, American glass artist (d. 1933)
February 24 - Grant Allen, Canadian author (d. 1899)
February 24 - Andrew Inglis Clark, Tasmanian politician (d. 1907)
February 27 - Hubert Parry, English composer (d. 1918)
March 19 - Wyatt Earp, American lawman and gunfighter (d. 1929)
March 31 - William Waldorf Astor, 1st Viscount Astor|Viscount William Astor, British financier and statesman (d. 1919)
April 7 - Randall Thomas Davidson, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1930)
April 10 - Hubertine Auclert, French feminist (d. 1914)
May 23 - Otto Lilienthal, German engineer (d. 1896)
June 7 - Paul Gauguin, French artist (d. 1903)
July 6 - Gabor Baross, Hungarian statesman (d. 1892)
July 9 - Robert I, Duke of Parma, last ruling Duke of Parma (d. 1907)
July 15 - Vilfredo Pareto, Italian economist (d. 1923)
July 22 - W. S. Stratton | Winfield Scott Stratton, American miner (d. 1902)
July 25 - George Robert Aberigh-Mackay, Anglo-Indian writer (d. 1881)
July 25 - Arthur James Balfour, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1930)
November 13 - Albert I, Prince of Monaco (d. 1922)
Deaths
January 19 - Isaac D'Israeli, English author (b. 1766)
January 20 - Christian VIII of Denmark|Christian VIII, King of Denmark (b. 1786)
February 15 - Hermann von Boyen, Prussian field marshal (b. 1771)
February 23 - John Quincy Adams, 6th President of the United States (b. 1767)
March 29 - John Jacob Astor, American businessman (b. 1763)
April 8 - Gaetano Donizetti, Italian composer (b. 1797)
May 25 - Annette von Droste-Hülshoff, German writer (b. 1797)
June 27 - Denis Auguste Affre, Archbishop of Paris (b. 1793)
July 4 - François-René de Chateaubriand, French writer and diplomat (b. 1768)
August 7 - Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Swedish chemist (b. 1779)
August 12 - George Stephenson, English locomotive pioneer (b. 1781)
November 9 - Robert Blum, German politician (b. 1810)
November 23 - Sir John Barrow (English statesman)|John Barrow, English statesman (b. 1764)
November 24 - William Lamb|Lord Melbourne, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1779)
December 19 - Emily Brontë, English author (b. 1818)
Edward Baines, British newspaperman and politician (b. 1774)
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