1857
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'''1857''' was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar).
Events
January 9 - Earthquake at Fort Tejon, California with an estimated magnitude of 7.9
February 16 - The National Deaf Mute College (later renamed Gallaudet University) is established in Washington, DC becoming the first school for the advanced education of the deaf.
March 3 - France and the United Kingdom declare Second Opium War|war on China.
March 4 - End of term for President of the United States Franklin Pierce. He is succeeded by James Buchanan.
March 5 – In London, ex-solicitor James Towsend Saward is sentenced for transportation for forging number of cheques over the years
March 6 - The Supreme Court of the United States rules in the ''Dred Scott v. Sandford'' case, driving the country further towards the American Civil War.
March 23 - Elisha Otis' first elevator is installed (at 488 Broadway, New York City)
May 10 - Indian rebellion of 1857: In India, the Mutiny of XI Native Cavalry of the Bengal Army in Meerut, revolt against the Military of the United Kingdom|British Army
May 11 - Indian rebellion of 1857: Indian rebels seize Delhi from the United Kingdom|British.
June 6 - Sophia of Nassau marries the future King Oscar II of Sweden|Oscar II of Sweden-Norway.
July 15 - Second Cawnpore massacre during the Indian rebellion of 1857
August - Calcutta University established.
September 11 - Mountain Meadows Massacre in Utah
November 30 - End of term for List of Presidents of Mexico|President of Mexico Ignacio Comonfort. He is succeeded by Felix Zuloaga|Félix María Zuloaga.
December 31 - Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom|Victoria chooses Ottawa, Ontario as the capital of Canada
Divorce without parliamentary approval becomes legal in United Kingdom|Britain
Speculation in US railway shares causes financial crisis in Europe
Russian serfs emancipated
The Mormons abandon Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas
Founding of Hollywood
Restoration of the Mexican republic (see Mexico/History)
Discovery of La Tene culture artifacts in Switzerland by Hansli Kopp.
Philip Henry Gosse writes ''Omphalos'' text elaborating a Creationism|Creationist school of thought
University of Bombay established
The Mughal Empire is finally destroyed by the British Empire.
The city walls of Vienna are demolished, allowing the construction of the Ringstraße.
Sweden lifts its ban on Danish language and Danish language|Danish books in the formerly Denmark|Danish provinces of Blekinge, Halland and Skåne|Scania - 214 respectively 199 years after the annexion.
William Daniel, American politician proposes Local Option for prohibition
The formation of Sheffield F.C. the first and oldest Football (Soccer) club in the world.
Births
January 4 - Émile Courtet, French caricaturist and animator (d. 1938)
February 12 - Bobby Peel, English cricketer (d. 1943).
February 22 - Lord Robert Baden-Powell, English founder of the Scouting movement (d. 1941)
February 22 - Heinrich Hertz, German physicist (d. 1894)
March 7 - Julius Wagner-Jauregg, Austrian neuroscientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1940)
March 8 - Ruggiero Leoncavallo, Italian composer (d. 1919)
March 30 - Thevenin|Leon Charles Thevenin, French telegraph engineer (d. 1926)
April 5 - Alexander of Battenberg, first Prince of Bulgaria (d. 1893)
May 7 - William A. MacCorkle, Governor of West Virginia (d. 1930)
May 13 - Ronald Ross, English physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1932)
May 15 - Williamina Fleming, Scottish astronomer (d. 1911)
May 19 - John Jacob Abel, American pharmacologist (d. 1938)
May 31 - Pope Pius XI (d. 1939)
June 2 - Edward Elgar, English composer (d. 1934)
June 2 - Karl Adolph Gjellerup, Danish writer, Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1919)
July 23 - Carl Meinhof, German linguist (d. 1944)
July 24 - Henrik Pontoppidan, Danish writer, Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1943)
July 30 - Thorstein Veblen, Norwegian economist (d. 1929)
September 5 - Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Russian scientist and inventor (d. 1935)
September 13 - Michal Drzymala|Michał Drzymała, Polish peasant and revolutionary (d. 1937)
September 13 - Milton S. Hershey, American chocolate manufacturer (d. 1945)
September 15 - William Howard Taft, 27th President of the United States (d. 1930)
November 17 - George Marchant, English-born, inventor, manufacturer, and philanthropist (d. 1941)
November 26 - Ferdinand de Saussure, Swiss linguist (d. 1913)
November 27 - Charles Scott Sherrington, English physiologist, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1952)
November 28 - King Alfonso XII of Spain (d. 1885)
November 30 - Bobby Abel, English cricketer (d. 1936)
December 3 - Joseph Conrad, Polish-British novelist (d. 1924)
Joseph Tabrar, British songwriter (d. 1931)
Unknown date - Lucy Bacon, Californian Impressionist Painter
Deaths
February 10 - David Thompson (explorer)|David Thompson, British-Canadian explorer (b. 1770)
February 15 - Mikhail Glinka, Russian composer (b. 1804)
May 2 - Alfred de Musset, French poet (b. 1810)
May 11 - Eugène François Vidocq, French criminal and private detective (b. 1775)
May 23 - Augustin Louis Cauchy, French mathematician (b. 1789)
July 15 - Carl Czerny, Austrian composer (b. 1791)
July 19 - Stefano Franscini, member of the Swiss Federal Council (b. 1796)
August 3 - Eugène Sue, French novelist (b. 1804)
September 3 - John McLoughlin, Canadian trapper (b. 1784)
November 18 - William Tylee Ranney, German artist (b. 1813)
November 26 - Joseph von Eichendorff, German poet (b. 1788)
December 3 - Christian Daniel Rauch, German sculptor (b. 1777)
December 15 - Sir George Cayley, English aviation pioneer (b. 1773)
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