1860
|
'''1860''' is the leap year starting on Sunday.
January 2 - The discovery of the planet Vulcan (planet)|Vulcan was announced at a meeting of the Académie des Sciences in Paris.
March 6 - Abraham Lincoln speaks against slavery in New Haven, Connecticut
April 3 - The Pony Express begins its first run from Saint Joseph, Missouri to Sacramento, California.
April 4 – New uprising in Palermo
May 1 - A chondrite type meteorite fell to earth in Muskingum County, Ohio near the town of New Concord, Ohio|New Concord.
May 5 - Giuseppe Garibaldi and his troops depart from Questa on the Expedition of the Thousand
May 8 - In New Granada (modern-day Colombia) southern state of Cauca secedes from the central government in protest of the suggestion of increase of presidential powers. Magdalena and Bolivar join it
May 9 - The Constitutional Union Party holds its convention and nominates John Bell (Tennessee politician)|John Bell for President of the United States.
May 15 - Battle of Catalafimi; troops under Giuseppe Garibaldi defeat the army of Naples in Sicily, during the Italian Independence wars|Second Italian independence war.
May 18 - Abraham Lincoln is selected as the US presidential candidate for the United States Republican Party|Republican party.
May 27 - Garibaldi's forces take Palermo, the capital of Sicily.
June 24 - First nursing school, based on the ideas of Florence Nightingale, is opened in St. Thomas Infirmary in England.
July 2 - Vladivostok, Russia is founded.
July 9 - Báb|Mírzá 'Alí-Muhammad was executed by a firing squad in Tabriz, Persia for claiming to be a prophet.
July 11 - Mutsuhito becomes Crown Prince of Japan.
July 19 - Nikolai of Japan|Ioan Dimitrovich Kasatkin becomes an Eastern Orthodox monk under the name Nikolai.
July 20 - The forces of Giuseppe Garibaldi defeat royal Neapolitan forces at the Battle of Milazzo, near Messina. Nearly all of Sicily was now under Garibaldi's control.
July 24 - Monk Nikolai of Japan|Nikolai Kasatkin appointed as deacon.
July 25 - Deacon Nikolai of Japan|Nikolai Kasatkin appointed as priest.
August 22 - Assisted by the British navy, the troops of Giuseppe Garibaldi cross from Sicily to the Italian mainland
September 7 - ''Lady Elgin'' is accidentally rammed and sunk in Lake Michigan, hundreds drown.
September 7 - Giuseppe Garibaldi's forces capture Naples.
September 10 - Piedmontese forces invade the Papal States hoping to link up with Garibaldi in Naples
September 18 - Battle of Castelfidardo. The Piedmontese decisively defeat the Papal forces, allowing them to continue their march into Neapolitan territory
John Hanning Speke and James Augustus Grant leave Zanzibar to search for source of the Nile River|Nile.
October 1 - The Battle of the Volturno
October 5 - Austria, United Kingdom|Britain, France, Prussia and the Ottoman Empire form a commission to investigate causes of clashes between Maronites and Druzes in Lebanon earlier in the year
October 19 - New Maori revolt begins in New Zealand
October 26 - Battle of the Volturno. Garibaldi again defeats the Neapolitan forces, advancing on Gaeta, the last remaining Neapolitan strong-point.
October 26 - Giuseppe Garibaldi gives Naples to the king Victor Emmanuel II of Italy|Victor Emmanuel II.
November 3 - The combined forces of Giuseppe Garibaldi and King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy|Victor Emmanuel II besiege King Francis II of the Two Sicilies|Francis II of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies|Two Sicilies in Gaeta, his last remaining stronghold.
November 6 - U.S. presidential election, 1860: Abraham Lincoln beats John C. Breckinridge and is elected as the 16th President of the United States, the first United States Republican Party|Republican to hold that office.
December 20 - South Carolina becomes the first state to secede from the Union.
December 29 - The world's first ocean-going (all) iron-hulled and armoured battleship, the (British) HMS Warrior (1860)|'''''HMS Warrior''''' is launched.
Unknown Dates
Victor Emmanuel II of Italy|Victor Emmanuel, King of Sardinia seizes the whole of the Papal States besides Rome (see Vatican City) and unites Italy.
Robert Wilhelm Bunsen discovers caesium and rubidium (see Discovery of the chemical elements)
Buenos Aires leader Bartolomé Mitre subverts Argentine Confederation and begins to establish a new centralist government with the help of Uruguayan Colorado Party (Uruguay)|Colorado party leader Venancio Flores
Augustana College is founded in Rock Island, Illinois, United States by Sweden|Swedish immigrants.
Births
January-April
January 11 - Marie Bashkirtseff, Russian artist (d. 1884)
January 25 - Charles Curtis, Vice President of the United States (d. 1936)
January 29 - William Jacob Baer, American painter (d. 1941)
January 29- Anton Chekhov, Russian writer (d. 1904)
February 11 - Rachilde, French author (d. 1953)
February 29 - Herman Hollerith, American businessman and inventor (d. 1929)
March 2 - Susanna M. Salter, first woman mayor in the United States (d. 1961)
March 5 - Sam Thompson, baseball player (d. 1922)
March 13 - Hugo Wolf, Austrian composer (d. 1903)
March 19 - William Jennings Bryan, American politician (d. 1925)
March 22 - Alfred Ploetz, German physician, biologist, and eugenicist (d. 1940)
March 27 - Frank Frost Abbott, American classical scholar (d. 1924)
May-August
May 2 - Theodor Herzl, founder of modern political Zionism (d. 1904)
May 9 - J. M. Barrie, Scottish author (d. 1937)
May 20 - Eduard Buchner, German chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1917)
May 21 - Willem Einthoven, Dutch inventor, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1927)
May 25 - James McKeen Cattell, American psychologist (d. 1944)
May 29 - Isaac Albeniz|Isaac Albéniz, Spanish composer (d. 1909)
June 20 - Jack Worrall, Australian cricketer, footballer, and coach (d. 1937)
July 3 - Charlotte Perkins Gilman, American feminist (d. 1935)
July 7 - Gustav Mahler, Austrian composer (d. 1911)
July 19 - Lizzie Borden, American murder suspect (d. 1927)
August 3 - W.K. Dickson, Scottish inventor (d. 1935)
August 7 - Alan Leo, British astrologer (d. 1917)
August 16 - Jules Laforgue, French poet (d. 1887)
September-December
September 5 - Andrew Volstead, American politician (d. 1947)
September 6 - Jane Addams, American social worker, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1935)
September 13 - John J. Pershing, American general (d. 1948)
November 1 - Boies Penrose, United States Senator from Pennsylvania (d. 1921)
November 6 - Ignacy Jan Paderewski, Polish pianist and composer (d. 1941)
November 23 - Billy the Kid, American gunfighter (d. 1881)
November 23 - Hjalmar Branting, Prime Minister of Sweden, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1925)
December 7 - Joseph Cook, sixth Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1947)
December 15 - Niels Ryberg Finsen, Danish physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1904)
John Coughlin, American politician (d. 1938)
Frederick George Jackson, British Arctic explorer (d. 1938)
Albert Giraud, Belgian poet (d. 1929)
Lancelot Speed, British illustrator (d. 1931)
Deaths
January 27 - János Bolyai, Hungarian mathematician (b. 1802)
January 27 - Thomas Brisbane, Scottish astronomer (b. 1883)
January 29 - Stephanie de Beauharnais, Grand Duchess of Baden (b. 1789)
February 20 - Henry Drummond, Canadian poet (b. 1851)
March 17 - Anna Jameson, German author
March 25 - James Braid (physician)|James Braid, Scottish surgeon (b. 1795)
May 12 - Sir Charles Barry, English architect (b. 1795)
May 16 - Anne Isabella Milbanke, wife of George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron (b. 1792)
July 1 - Charles Goodyear, American inventor (b. 1800)
October 31 - Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald, British admiral (b. 1775)
December 14 - George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th earl of Aberdeen (b. 1784)
|