Bahamas

History

''Main article: History of the Bahamas'' Christopher Columbus's first landfall in the New World in 1492 is believed to have been on the island of San Salvador Island|San Salvador (also called Watling's Island), in the southeastern Bahamas. He encountered Taino (also known as Lucayan) Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Amerindians and exchanged gifts with them. Taino Indians from both northwestern Hispaniola and northeastern Cuba moved into the southern Bahamas about the 7th century AD and became the Lucayans. They appear to have settled the entire archipelago by the 12th century AD. There may have been as many as 40,000 Lucayans living in the Bahamas when Columbus arrived. The Bahamian Lucayans were deported to Hispaniola as slaves, and within two decades Taino societies ceased to exist as a separate population due to forced labour, warfare, disease, emigration and outmarriage. Some say the name 'Bahamas' derives from the Spanish for shallow sea - baja mar. Others trace it to the Lucayan word for Grand Bahama Island - ba-ha-ma, or 'large upper middle land'. After the Lucayans were destroyed the Bahamian islands were deserted until the arrival of English settlers from Bermuda in 1650. Known as the Eleutherian Adventurers, these people established settlements on the island now called Eleuthera (from the Greek word for freedom). The Bahamas became a British crown colony in 1718, but remained sparsley settled until the newly indpendent United States expelled thousands of American tories and their slaves. Many of these United Kingdom|British Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalists were given compensatory land grants in Canada and the Bahamas. Some 8,000 loyalists and their slaves moved to the Bahamas in the late 1700s from New York, Florida and the Carolinas. The British granted the islands internal self-government in 1964 and In 1973 Bahamians achieved full independence while remaining a member of the British Commonwealth of Nations. Since the 1950s, the Bahamian economy has been based on the twin pillars of tourism and financial services. Today, the country enjoys the third highest per capita income in the western hemisphere.

Geography

''Main Article: Geography of the Bahamas'' The Bahamas is an archipelago of some 700 islands and cays covering over 100,000 square miles of the Atlantic ocean between Florida and Hispaniola. The archipelago has a total land area of 5,382 square miles - about 20 per cent larger than Jamaica - and a population of some 310,000 concentrated on the islands of New Providence and Grand Bahama. The largest island is Andros, Bahamas|Andros Island. The Biminis are just 50 miles east of Florida. The island of Grand Bahama is home to the second largest city in the country, Freeport%2C_Bahamas|Freeport. The island of Abaco is to its east. The most southeastern island is Inagua. Other notable islands include Eleuthera, Cat Island, Bahamas|Cat Island, San Salvador, Acklins, Crooked Island, Bahamas|Crooked Island, Exuma and Mayaguana. Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau is the capital and largest city, located on New Providence. The islands have a subtropical climate, moderated by the Gulf Stream.

Politics

''Main article: Politics of the Bahamas'' Queen Elizabeth II is the head of state of The Bahamas, which has remained a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. She is represented in the Bahamas by a Governor-General of the Bahamas|Governor-General, appointed on the recommendation of the elected government. A multi-party democracy in the British tradition, the Bahamas has a bicameral parliament with an elected assembly and an appointed senate. The country is governed by a cabinet headed by a prime minister. Elections are held every five years.

Districts

''Main article: Districts of the Bahamas''

Economy

''Main article: Economy of the Bahamas'' The Bahamas is a stable, developing nation with an economy heavily dependent on tourism and offshore banking. Tourism alone accounts for more than 60% of Gross Domestic Product|GDP and directly or indirectly employs almost half of the archipelago's labour force. Steady growth in tourism receipts and a boom in construction of new hotels, resorts, and residences have led to solid GDP growth in recent years. Manufacturing and agriculture together contribute approximately a tenth of GDP and show little growth, despite government incentives aimed at those sectors. Overall growth prospects in the short run rest heavily on the fortunes of the tourism sector, which depends on growth in the United States, the source of the majority of tourist visitors.

Demographics

''Main article: Demographics of the Bahamas'' Most of the Bahamian population is black (85%); about 12% is white. The official language is English language|English, spoken by virtually all inhabitants, though many speak a "patois" form of it. A small number of immigrants also speak Creole language|Creole. A heavily religious country, there are more places of worship per person in the Bahamas than any other nation in the world. Christianity is the main religion on the islands, with Baptism|Baptists forming the largest denomination (about one third), followed by the Anglican Church|Anglican and Roman Catholic churches. A few people, especially in the southern and eastern islands, practice ''obeah'', a spiritism|spiritistic religion similar to voodoo. While well-known throughout the Bahamas, obeah is shunned by many people. Voodoo is practiced, but almost exclusively by immigrants from Haiti.

Culture

''Main article: Culture of the Bahamas'' Bahamanian culture is a hybrid of African, European and indigenous forms. Perhaps its most famous export is a rhythmic form of music called junkanoo. See also: Music of the Bahamas

Climate

The climate of the Bahamas is subtropical to tropical, and is moderated significantly by the waters of the Gulf Stream, particularly in winter. Conversely, this often proves very dangerous in the summer and autumn, when hurricanes pass near or through the islands. Hurricane Andrew hit the northern islands in 1992 Atlantic hurricane season|1992, and Hurricane Floyd hit most of the islands in 1999 Atlantic hurricane season|1999. Hurricane Frances of 2004 Atlantic hurricane season|2004 was expected to be the worst ever for the islands. Also in 2004, the northern Bahamas were hit by a less potent Hurricane Jeanne.

Miscellaneous topics

Bahamian American

Tongue of the Ocean, a geological phenomenon

Communications in the Bahamas

Foreign relations of the Bahamas

Military of the Bahamas

Transportation in the Bahamas

Bahamian History Resources

'''General History'''

Albury, Paul. ''The Story of The Bahamas''. London: MacMillan Caribbean, 1975.

Miller, Hubert W. “The Colonization of the Bahamas, 1647-1670,” ''The William and Mary Quarterly'' 2 no.1 (Jan 1945): 33-46.

Craton, Michael. ''A History of the Bahamas''. London: Collins, 1962.

Craton, Michael and Saunders, Gail. ''Islanders in the Stream: A History of the Bahamian People''. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1992. '''Economic History'''

Johnson, Howard. ''The Bahamas in Slavery and Freedom''. Kingston: Ian Randle Publishing, 1991.

Johnson, Howard. ''The Bahamas from Slavery to Servitude, 1783-1933''. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1996.

Storr, Virgil H. ''Enterprising Slaves and Master Pirates: Understanding Economic Life in the Bahamas''. New York: Peter Lang, 2004. '''Social History'''

Johnson, Wittington B. ''Race Relations in the Bahamas, 1784-1834: The Nonviolent Transformation from a Slave to a Free Society.'' Fayetteville: University of Arkansas, 2000.

Shirley, Paul. “Tek Force Wid Force,” ''History Today'' 54, no. 41 (April 2004): 30-35.

Saunders, Gail. ''The Social Life in the Bahamas 1880s-1920s''. Nassau: Media Publishing, 1996.

Saunders, Gail. ''Bahamas Society After Emancipation''. Kingston: Ian Randle Publishing, 1990.

External links

http://www.bahamas.gov.bs/

http://www.bahamas.co.uk/

http://www.bahamas-tourisme.fr/

http://www.bahamas.com/

http://www.constitution.org/cons/bahamas.htm

http://www.strausbach.de/bahamas_photo.php(with slide show)

http://www.lodgephoto.com/galleries/bahamas-abacos/ Abaco islands, including Junkanoo festival