Exile
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:''See Exile (disambiguation) for other meanings.''
'''Exile''' is a form of punishment. It means to be away from one's home (i.e. city, state or country) while either being explicitly refused permission to return and/or being threatened by prison or death penalty|death upon return.
It is common to distinguish between '''internal exile''', i.e., forced resettlement within the country of residence, and '''external exile''', deportation outside the country of residence.
History
Exile has a long tradition as a form of punishment. It has been known in Ancient Rome, where the Roman Senate had the power to exile individuals, entire families or countries (which amounted to a declaration of war).
In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth a court of law could sentence a noble to exile (''banicja''). As long as the exile (''banita'') remained in the Commonwealth he had a price on his head and anybody who killed him could expect a monetary reward from the state (usually a starosta of given region). Special forms of exile were accompanied by ''wyświecenie'' (a declaration in Church) or by issuance of a separate declaration to townfolk and peasantry. A lesser form of exile was infamy (''infamia''). A noble who has been infamed lost the protection of the law although there was no reward for his death (but neither was there any penalty). In addition, an infamed noble who killed an exiled one could expect his infamy to be revoked. Both exile and infamy could be revoked if the person had done a great service to the state. One of the most famous exiles of the Commonwealth was Samuel Laszcz|Samuel Łaszcz.
Personal exile
Exile was used particularly for political opponents of those in power. The use of exile for political purposes can sometimes be useful for the government because it prevents the exilee from organizing in their native land or from becoming a martyr.
Exile represented a severe punishment, particularly for those, like Ovid or Du Fu, exiled to strange or backward regions, cut off from all of the possibilities of life as well as their families and associates. Dante Alighieri|Dante describes the pain of exile in the ''Divine Comedy'':
:«. . . Tu lascerai ogne cosa diletta
:più caramente; e questo è quello strale
:che l'arco de lo essilio pria saetta.
:Tu proverai sì come sa di sale
:lo pane altrui, e come è duro calle
:lo scendere e 'l salir per l'altrui scale . . .»
:". . . You will leave everything you love most:
:this is the arrow that the bow of exile
:shoots first. You will know how salty
:another's bread tastes and how hard it
:is to ascend and descend
:another's stairs . . ."
:Paradiso XVII: 55-60
Exile has been softened, to some extent, in the 19th century|nineteenth and 20th century|twentieth centuries, as exiles have received welcome in other countries and have either created new communities within those countries or, less frequently, returned to their homelands following the demise of the regime that exiled them.
Government in exile
During a foreign occupation or after a coup d'etat, a ''government in exile'' of a such afflicted country may be established abroad.
Nation in exile
When large groups, or occasionally a whole people or nation is exiled, it can be said that this nation is in ''exile'', or '''Diaspora'''. Nations that have been in exile for substantial periods include the Jews, who were deported by Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon in 597 BC and again in the years following the destruction of the second Temple in Jerusalem in the year AD 70.
After the partitions of Poland in the late 18th century, and following the uprisings (like Kosciuszko Uprising, November Uprising and January Uprising) against the partitioning powers (Russian Empire, Prussia and Austro-Hungary), many Poles have chosen - or be forced - into exile, forming large diasporas (known as Polonia), especially in France and United States.
The entire population of Crimean Tatars (200,000) that remained in their homeland Crimea was exiled on 18 May 1944 to Central Asia as a form of ethnic cleansing and collective punishment on false accusations.
At Diego Garcia, between 1967 and 1973 the British Government forcibly removed some 2,000 Ilois resident islanders to make way for a military base today jointly operated by the United States|US and UK.
Tax exile
A wealthy citizen who departs from a former abode for a lower tax jurisdiction in order to reduce his/her taxation|tax burden is termed a ''tax exile''.
Famous people who have been in exile
Manuel Altolaguirre, exiled from Spain, to Cuba and Mexico.
Michel Aoun, exiled from Lebanon, to France
Reinaldo Arenas exiled from Cuba, to United States
Jean-Bertrand Aristide, exiled from Haiti, to Venezuela and United States (1990-1994), and then to Central African Republic and South Africa (2004-present)
Miguel Ángel Asturias exiled from Guatemala to France
Francisco Ayala, exiled from Spain to Argentina
Emperor Bao Dai of Vietnam
Crown Prince Bao Long of Vietnam
Saint Thomas à Becket, fled to France.
Gioconda Belli, exiled from Nicaragua, to Mexico
Napoleon I of France|Napoleon Bonaparte exiled from France to Elba and, later, St Helena
Willy Brandt exiled to Norway and Sweden, during the Nazi era
Bertolt Brecht
Breyten Breytenbach
Joseph Brodsky, exiled from Soviet Union to United States
George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron|Lord Byron, exiled from United Kingdom, to Italy and Ottoman Empire
Alejo Carpentier, exiled from Cuba to Haiti and Venezuela
Frédéric Chopin, exiled from Poland to France
Nadia Comaneci, famous Romanian gymnast, self exiled to United States
Celia Cruz, exiled from Cuba to United States
Humberto Delgado, exiled from Portugal to Brazil and Algeria
Porfirio Díaz, exiled from Mexico to France
Ariel Dorfman, exiled from Chile, to United States
Du Fu
Jean-Claude Duvalier, exiled form Haiti to France
Albert Einstein self exiled from Germany to the United States
Bobby Fischer from the United States to the Philippines, Japan and Iceland
Lion Feuchtwanger,
Sigmund Freud self exiled from Austria to United Kingdom
Alberto Fujimori, exiled from Peru to Japan
Eduardo Galeano, exiled from Uruguay to Argentine and Spain
Giuseppe Garibaldi|Garibaldi exiled to South America
Francisco de Goya exiled to Bordeaux as ''afrancesado''
Jorge Guillén
Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama, exiled from Tibet to India
Heinrich Heine
Victor Hugo exiled from France to the Channel Islands
Juan Ramón Jiménez, fled to United States, Cuba, and finally to Puerto Rico
Obi-Wan Kenobi (fictional character), after the Great Jedi Purge. Kenobi went into hiding on Tatooine to watch over Luke Skywalker.
Arthur Koestler
Kim Dae-jung
Idi Amin, exiled to Libya, and Saudi Arabia until his death.
Konstantinos Karamanlis
Pavel Kohout
Tadeusz Kościuszko
Lajos Kossuth
Prince Norodom Sihanouk, exiled from Cambodia to China and North Korea twice.
Peter Kropotkin
Lenin self-exiled to Switzerland
Lotte Lehmann
Fernão Lopez self-exile to Saint Helena
La Lupe, to Puerto Rico and United States
Heinrich Mann self-exile to Switzerland and to the United States
Thomas Mann self-exile to Switzerland and to the United States , moved back to Switzerland
Ferdinand Marcos exiled from the Philippines to Hawaii
Karl Marx self-exiled from Germany to Great Britain
José Martí
Giuseppe Mazzini
Rigoberta Menchú, exiled from Guatemala, to Mexico
Aleksandr Danilovich Menshikov
Ezekiel Mphahlele, exiled from South Africa to Kenya, Zambia and United States
Adam Mickiewicz
Mobutu Sese Seko
Mireya Moscoso, fled to Spain
Kwame Nkrumah exiled from Ghana to Guinea
Juan Carlos Onetti exiled from Uruguay to Spain until his death.
Oedipus|Oedipus the King in the self-titled Sophocles Oedipus the King|play.
Ovid
Víctor Paz Estenssoro, exiled from Bolivia to Argentina, Perú
Carlos Andrés Pérez, exiled from Venezuela, to Colombia, Costa Rica, and United States
Marcos Pérez Jiménez, exiled from Venezuela to USA and Spain
Juan Perón exiled from Argentina to Paraguay and Spain.
Saint-John Perse exiled from Vichy France to United States
Bob Powell
Ferenc Puskás
Victor Raúl Haya de la Torre, fled to Mexico
Romain Rolland, fled to Switzerland
Wilhelm Röpke fled Germany during Nazi rule
Prince Sauryavong Savang, lives in exile in Paris, France
Crown Prince Soulivong Savang, lives in exile in Paris, France
Prince Vong Savang, lives in exile in Paris, France
Jorge Semprún, exiled from Spain, to France
Costas Simitis, exiled from Greece, to Germany
Prince Mangkra Souvannaphouma, lives in exile in Paris, France
Prince Nguyen Phuc Buu Chanh of Vietnam, lives in exile in the United States
Prince Shwebomin lives in exile in London, England
PrinceHso Khan Pha lives in exile in Canada
Fernando Savater
Emperor Amha Selassie I, lived in exile in Djibouti,Israel, Great Britain, and United States.
Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia
Crown Prince Zera Yacob Amha Selassie lived in exile in Djibouti, Israel, Great Britain, and United States
Juliusz Slowacki
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn exiled from the Soviet Union, returned after the fall of Communism
Mario Soares
Wole Soyinka
Alfredo Stroessner exile from Paraguay to Brazil
Sun Yat-sen
Oliver Tambo
Leon Trotsky exiled to Turkey, France , Norway and Mexico
Miguel de Unamuno fled to France.
Mario Vargas Llosa, exiled from Perú, to France, Spain and Great Britain.
Bruno Walter
Mohammad Zaher Shah exile from Afghanistan to Italy
Nicholas I of Montenegro
Raúl Salinas de Gortari self-exiled to Ireland
Yoda (fictional character), self-exile to Dagobah after the Great Jedi Purge.
See also
Ban
Ostracism
Refugee
References
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