February 23

Events

1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western book printed from movable type.

1574 - The 5th holy war against the Huguenots begins in France.

1660 - Charles XI of Sweden|Charles XI becomes Monarch of Sweden|King of Sweden.

1732 - First performance of George Frideric Handel's ''Orlando (opera)|Orlando'', in London.

1778 - American Revolution: Baron von Steuben arrives at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania to help to train the Continental Army.

1820 - Cato Street Conspiracy: A plot to murder all the United Kingdom|British cabinet ministers is exposed.

1836 - The Battle of the Alamo|Siege of the Alamo begins in San Antonio, Texas.

1847 - Mexican-American War: Battle of Buena Vista - In Mexico, American troops defeat Mexican general Antonio López de Santa Anna.

1861 - President-elect Abraham Lincoln arrives secretly in Washington, DC after an assassination attempt in Baltimore, Maryland.

1870 - Military control of Mississippi ends and it is readmitted to the Union.

1874 - Walter Winfield patents a game called "sphairistike", now more commonly called lawn tennis.

1883 - Alabama becomes the first U.S. state to enact an antitrust law.

1887 - The French Riviera is hit by a large earthquake, killing around 2,000.

1893 - Rudolf Diesel receives a patent for the diesel engine.

1898 - Émile Zola is imprisoned in France after writing "J'accuse", a letter accusing the French government of anti-Semitism and wrongfully placing Captain Alfred Dreyfus in jail.

1900 - In South Africa the Boers and United Kingdom|British troops fight in the Battle of Hart's Hill.

1903 - Cuba leases Guantanamo Bay to the United States "in perpetuity".

1904 - For $10 million the United States gains control of the Panama Canal Zone.

1905 - Chicago, Illinois attorney Paul Harris and three other businessmen meet for lunch to form the Rotary Club, the world's first service club.

1909 - The Silver Dart makes the first powered flight in Canada and the British Empire.

1919 - Benito Mussolini forms the Fascist Party in Italy.

1927 - The Federal Radio Commission (later renamed the Federal Communications Commission) begins to regulate the use of radio frequencies.

1934 - Léopold III of Belgium|Léopold III becomes King of Belgium.

1940 - World War II: Soviet Union troops conquer Lasi Island.

1940 - The animated film|movie ''Pinocchio (1940 movie)|Pinocchio'' is released.

1945 - World War II: During the Battle of Iwo Jima, a group of United States Marines reach the top of Mount Surabachi on the island and are Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima|photographed raising the American flag. The photo would later win a Pulitzer Prize.

1945 - World War II: The capital of the Philippines, Manila, is liberated by United States|American forces.

1945 - World War II: Capitulation of German garrison in Poznan, city is liberated by Soviet Union|Soviet and Poland|Polish forces.

1945 - World War II: The German town of Pforzheim is completely destroyed by a raid of 379 British bombers.

1947 - International Organization for Standardization(ISO) is founded.

1954 - The first mass vaccination of children against polio begins in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

1955 - First meeting of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO).

1955 - Edgar Faure becomes Prime Minister of France

1956 - Nikita Khrushchev attacks the veneration of Joseph Stalin as a "cult of personality".

1957 - The founding congress of the Senegalese Popular Bloc is opened in Dakar.

1958 - Cuban rebels kidnap 5-time world driving champion Juan Manuel Fangio.

1966 - A military coup in Syria replaces the previous government.

1974 - The Symbionese Liberation Army demands $4 million more to release kidnap victim Patty Hearst.

1975 - In response to the 1973 energy crisis|energy crisis, daylight saving time commences nearly two months early in the United States.

1980 - Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini states that Iran's parliament would decide the fate of the American embassy hostages.

1981 - 23-F, Antonio Tejero attempts a coup d'état by capturing the Spanish Congress of Deputies.

1983 - The Spanish PSOE|Socialist government of Felipe González and Miguel Boyer nationalizes Rumasa, a holding of José María Ruiz Mateos.

1983 - The Environmental Protection Agency announces its intent to buy out and evacuate the dioxin-contaminated community of Times Beach, Missouri.

1987 - A supernova is seen in the Large Magellanic Cloud (see Supernova 1987a).

1991 - Gulf War: Ground troops cross the Saudi Arabia border and enter Iraq, thus starting the ground-phase of the war.

1991 - In Thailand, General Sunthorn Kongsompong leads a bloodless coup d'état, deposing Prime Minister Chatichai Choonhavan.

1992 - The Communist Party of Georgia|Socialist Labour Party is founded in Georgia (country)|Georgia.

1993 - Gary Coleman wins a $1,280,000 lawsuit against his parents.

1995 - The Dow Jones Industrial Average gains 30.28 to close at 4,003.33, closing above 4,000 for the Closing milestones of the Dow Jones Industrial Average|first time.

1997 - A large fire occurs in the Russian Space station, Mir.

1998 - Tornadoes in central Florida destroy or damage 2,600 structures and kill 42.

1998 - Osama bin Laden publishes a fatwa declaring jihad against all Jews and Crusaders.

1998 - Netscape Communications Corporation announces the foundation of Mozilla Organization|mozilla.org, to co-ordinate the development of the open source Mozilla web browser.

1999 - Kurdish rebel leader Abdullah Öcalan is charged with treason in Ankara, Turkey.

1999 - White supremacist John William King is found guilty of kidnapping and killing African American James Byrd Jr by dragging him behind a truck for two miles.

1999 - An avalanche destroys the Austria|Austrian village of Galtür, killing 31.

2005 - Slovakia Summit 2005 begins, marking the first occasion when a sitting President of the United States|American President visits Slovakia; George W. Bush|Bush and Vladimir Putin|Putin are in attendance.

Births

1417 - Pope Paul II (d. 1471)

1633 - Samuel Pepys, English diarist (d. 1703)

1646 - Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, Japanese shogun (d. 1709)

1648 - Arabella Churchill (royal mistress)|Arabella Churchill, English mistress of James II of England (d. 1730)

1680 - Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, French colonizer and Governor of Louisiana (d. 1767)

1685 - George Friderich Handel|Georg Friederich Händel, German composer (d. 1759)

1688 - Queen Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden (d. 1741)

1723 - Richard Price, Welsh philosopher (d. 1791)

1743 - Mayer Amschel Rothschild, German-born banker (d. 1812)

1840 - Carl Menger, Austrian economist (d. 1921)

1868 - W.E.B. DuBois, American civil rights leader (d. 1963)

1873 - Liang Qichao, Chinese scholar (d. 1929)

1878 - Kazimir Malevich, Ukrainian painter and art theorist (d. 1935)

1883 - Victor Fleming, American director (d. 1949)

1883 - Karl Jaspers, German philosopher (d. 1969)

1889 - Musidora, French actress and director (d. 1957)

1899 - Erich Kästner, German writer (d. 1974)

1904 - William L. Shirer, American historian (d. 1993)

1904 - Leopold Trepper, Soviet spy (d. 1982)

1908 - William McMahon, twentieth Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1988)

1914 - Theofiel Middelkamp, Dutch cyclist (d. 2005)

1915 - Jon Hall, American actor (d. 1979)

1915 - Paul Tibbets, American pilot

1918 - Richard G. Butler, American fascist (d. 2004)

1924 - Allan McLeod Cormack, South-African born physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1998)

1928 - Vasili Lazarev, cosmonaut (d. 1990)

1932 - Majel Barrett, American actress

1937 - Tom Osborne (football coach)|Tom Osborne, American football coach and politician

1939 - Peter Fonda, American actor

1943 - Fred Biletnikoff, American football player and coach

1944 - Johnny Winter, American musician

1945 - Allan Boesak, South African activist

1951 - Ed Jones (football player)|Ed Jones, American football player

1951 - Patricia Richardson, American actress

1952 - Brad Whitford, American musician (Aerosmith)

1954 - Viktor Yushchenko, President of Ukraine

1958 - Tony Barrell, English writer and journalist

1958 - David Sylvian, English musician

1959 - Richard Dodds, British field hockey player

1965 - Michael Dell, American computer manufacturer

1973 - Bryan Manchi, English songwriter

1973 - André Tanneberger, German DJ

1974 - Jaime Villarreal, Mexican musician

1978 - Dan Snyder, Canadian hockey player (d. 2003)

1981 - Gareth Barry, English footballer

1994 - Dakota Fanning, American actress

Deaths

1100 - Emperor Zhezong of China (b. 1077)

1270 - Saint Isabel of France, daughter of Louis VIII of France (b. 1225)

1447 - Pope Eugenius IV (b. 1383)

1447 - Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (b. 1390)

1464 - Zhengtong, Emperor of China (b. 1427)

1526 - Diego Colón, Spanish Viceroy of the Indies

1554 - Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk, English poltician (executed)

1572 - Pierre Certon, French composer

1603 - Andrea Cesalpino, Italian philosopher, physician, and botanist (b. 1519)

1669 - Leo Aitzema, Dutch historian and statesman (b. 1600)

1704 - Georg Muffat, French composer (b. 1653)

1730 - Pope Benedict XIII (b. 1649)

1766 - Stanislaw Leszczynski, King of Poland (b. 1677)

1781 - George Taylor, American signer of the Declaration of Independence

1792 - Joshua Reynolds, English painter (b. 1723)

1800 - Joseph Warton, English literary critic (b. 1722)

1821 - John Keats, English poet (b. 1795)

1848 - John Quincy Adams, 6th President of the United States (b. 1767)

1855 - Carl Friedrich Gauss, German mathematician, astronomer, and physicist (b. 1777)

1897 - Woldemar Bargiel, German composer (b. 1828)

1908 - Johannes Friedrich August von Esmarch, German surgeon (b. 1823)

1923 - Théophile Delcassé, French statesman (b. 1852)

1930 - Horst Wessel, Nazi ideologue and composer (b. 1907)

1934 - Edward Elgar, English composer (b. 1857)

1948 - John Robert Gregg, Irish-born publisher and inventor (b. 1866)

1965 - Stan Laurel, American actor and comedian (b. 1890)

1969 - King Saud of Saudi Arabia (b. 1902)

1973 - Dickinson W. Richards, American physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1895)

1974 - Harry Ruby, American composer and writer (b. 1895)

1979 - W.A.C. Bennett, Canadian politician (b. 1900)

1990 - José Napoleón Duarte, President of El Salvador (b. 1925)

1995 - Melvin Franklin, American singer (The Temptations) (b. 1942)

1995 - James Herriot, English writer (b. 1916)

1997 - Tony Williams, American jazz drummer (b. 1945)

2000 - Ofra Haza, Israeli singer (b. 1957)

2003 - Robert K. Merton, American sociologist (b. 1910)

2004 - Vijay Anand, Indian film director (b. 1934)

2004 - Carl Anderson, American actor (b. 1945)

2004 - Sikander Bakht, Governor of Kerala (b. 1918)

2004 - Don Cornell, American singer (b. 1919)

2004 - Carl Liscombe, Canadian hockey player (b. 1915)

Holidays and observances

Roman Empire - Terminus (mythology)|Terminalia held in honor of Terminus (mythology)|Terminus

Catholicism - Feast day of St Polycarp.

Guyana - National Day

Russia - Day of Motherland's Defender (formerly Red Army|Red Army Day or Day of Soviet Army and Navy)

Brunei - National Day

External links

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/23

http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/20050223.html ---- February 22 - February 24 - January 23 - March 23 -- historical anniversaries|listing of all days