Korean Air Flight 007

Overview

Korean Air Lines flight KAL 007 was a commercial Boeing 747-200 (registration: HL7442) flying from New York City to Seoul, South Korea. It took off from New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport on August 31 carrying 240 passengers and 29 crew. After refueling at Anchorage International Airport in Anchorage, Alaska the aircraft departed for Seoul at 13:00 Greenwich Mean Time|GMT (5:00 am local time) on September 1. KAL 007 flew westward and then arced south on a course for Gimpo Airport|Seoul-Kimpo International Airport that took the craft much farther west than usual (245 degrees magnetic), cutting across the Soviet Kamchatka Peninsula and then over the Sea of Okhotsk towards Sakhalin, violating Soviet airspace over a significant distance. KAL flights had violated Soviet airspace before. In April 1978, a Soviet fighter fired on Korean Air Flight 902 after it had flown over the Kola Peninsula, killing two passengers and forcing the aircraft to crash-land on a frozen lake. An investigation into the cause of that incident was complicated by Soviet refusal to release the aircraft's flight data recorders. Other commercial airliners had made course errors of comparable magnitude from time to time, but not over Soviet airspace. As KAL 007 overflew Soviet territory, the Soviets scrambled Sukhoi Su-15|Su-15 'Flagon' and Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23|MiG-23 'Flogger-B' fighters to intercept it. At 18:26 GMT, two Su-15s from Dolinsk-Sokol airbase shot down the airliner with a single missile attack. The airliner crashed into the sea about 55 km off Moneron Island, killing all on board. Initial reports that the airliner had been forced to land on Sakhalin were soon proved false. Transcripts recovered from the airliner's cockpit voice recorder indicate that the crew were unaware that they were off course and violating Soviet airspace (at the end they were 500 kilometers to the west of the planned track). After the missile strike, the crew performed an emergency spiral descent due to Cabin pressurization|rapid decompression from 18:26 until the end of the recording at 18:27:46. The Soviets initially withheld information that they had recovered the flight's data recorders; it was only after the Boris Yeltsin|Yeltsin administration took power in an independent Russia that the recorders were released. The International Civil Aviation Organization conducted two investigations into the incident. The first took place soon after the accident and the second occurred eight years later, after the data recorders were released in 1991. Both concluded that the violation of Soviet airspace was accidental; the autopilot had been set to either left-of-course in heading mode or had been switched to Inertial guidance system|INS when out of range for a lock. This left the airliner on the constant magnetic heading chosen when the craft left Anchorage, Alaska|Anchorage. It was determined that the crew did not notice this error or subsequently perform INS checks that would have revealed it, due to a "lack of situational awareness and flight deck coordination". The closest witness to the incident, the Soviet pilot who fired the missile, later confirmed that international standards for interception had not been followed, and that he had been instructed by military authorities to claim on television that he had fired warning shots when in fact, he had not. The Soviets officially maintained that they had attempted radio contact with the airliner and that KAL 007 failed to reply. However, no other aircraft or ground monitors covering those emergency frequencies at the time reported hearing any such Soviet radio calls.

Political response

President of the United States |US President Ronald Reagan condemned the shootdown on September 5, calling it the "Korean airline massacre," a "crime against humanity must never be forgotten" and an "act of barbarism… inhuman brutality." In an act that surprised many within the U.S. intelligence community, the U.S. delegation to the United Nations played tapes of intercepted communications between Soviet fighter pilots and their ground control. While not publicly claimed, it is almost certain that these communications were originally encrypted. The next day, the Soviet Union admitted to shooting down KAL 007, stating the pilots did not know it was a civilian aircraft when it violated Soviet airspace. The attack pushed relations between the United States and the Soviet Union to a new low. On September 15, President Reagan ordered the Federal Aviation Administration|FAA to revoke the license of Aeroflot|Aeroflot Soviet Airlines to operate flights into and out of the United States. As a result, Aeroflot flights to North America were only available through their hubs in Canada or Mexico. Aeroflot service to the United States was not restored until April 29, 1986. http://moscow.usembassy.gov/links/history.php The US ambassador to the United Nations, Jeane Kirkpatrick, made an audio-visual presentation in the Security Council using tapes of the Soviet radio conversations and a map of the plane's flight path to depict the shoot-down as savage and unjustified. As a result of this incident, Ronald Reagan announced that the GPS system would be made available for civilian uses once completed.

Theories

It is generally believed that KAL 007 was mistaken for a United States Air Force|USAF RC-135 that was flying a routine ELINT|electronic intelligence mission northeast of Kamchatka at about the same time. The primary long-range Soviet radar systems were not operational at the time, so as the RC-135 flew on its "racetrack" course it appeared on the inbound leg, turned around, and then disappeared again. This pattern was repeated several times, until Flight 007 flew inbound on a track very close to the RC-135's inbound leg at roughly the time the plane should have re-appeared on their radars. This time the radar contact did not turn outbound again, giving Soviet forces what they believed was a rare opportunity to intercept it. The US routinely conducted Burning Wind SIGINT/COMINT flights to test the USSR's air defense systems (and over the years lost several planes on such missions). As with any serious disaster, a number of theories have arisen that differ with official explanations. The theorists' main concerns are why the airliner was off course and even whether it crashed. The most persistent "off course" theory is that the flight was part of a deliberate U.S. intelligence-gathering effort. According to this theory, U.S. intelligence has a long history of "tickling" Soviet radar by deliberately flying planes into Soviet airspace and then recording the responses. As far back as the late '40s, U.S. military aircraft had engaged in this practice, and some were even lost in the attempt (see James Bamford, ''The Puzzle Palace'', 1983, about the National Security Agency). In 1983, the theory goes, U.S. intelligence wanted to use a civilian plane as "bait" to test the Soviet reaction to an incursion inside their borders. If caught, the pilot could claim innocence, that he was only "lost," and the plane would not have to be equipped with "smoking gun" spy gear. U.S. spy satellites and spy planes such as the RC-135 could record the various responses. The Soviets of course advanced this argument, which was presented in detail by Soviet Marshal Nikolai V. Ogarkov at a press conference on September 9, 1983, covered by the world's press media. Speaking before a huge map showing the provocative intrusion of KAL 007 into Soviet airspace, Ogarkov bluntly argued that the intrusion "was a deliberate, thoroughly planned intelligence operation." The U.S. led by president Reagan dismissed such theories as "Soviet propaganda." However, independent researchers published books which, at the very least, seem to substantiate some of the details of the allegations. For instance, David Pearson notes in his book (''KAL 007: The Cover-Up'') that the flightpath of KAL 007 "passed over Soviet missile-testing areas, over the sites of several large phased-array radars, and near the Soviet submarine pens at Petropavlovsk" on the Kamchatka peninsula. Similary the plane passed within a few dozen miles of Soviet air and navy bases on Sakhalin island, and if it had not been shot down as it left Sakhalin airspace, Pearson says, it was "on a heading that would have taken it eventually over the Soviet military center at Vladivostok." Fifteen minutes behind KAL 007 in international airspace was another civilian plane, KAL 015, which relayed KAL 007's messages to ground control. Investigators James Gollin and Robert Allardyce published a 2-volume book (''Desired Track'', 1994) which analyzed the parts of the plane's flightpath which were recorded and are publicly known, and concluded it must have made deliberate turns, which undermined the theory that the plane was simply left on autopilot. In short, theorists allege there were too many inconsistencies with the various "accident" scenarios for the flight to have been innocent. A few theorists believe KAL 007 did not crash, claiming that a single engine loss would not knock a 747 out of the air, and that the reported twelve-minute period was suspiciously long between the missile strike and ocean impact. These theories were discredited when Russia produced the actual cockpit voice recorder, in which the pilots reported a depressurization and rapid descent. Some theorists also view as suspicious the amount and types of material recovered from the accident, which was said to compare oddly with other crashes of 747 aircraft. That only two bodies were recovered, relatively intact, was also inconsistent to some. It should be noted that most human remains on the sea floor at the crash site would have been subject to aggressive cuttlefish feeding. However, quoting from the http://www.insightmag.com/main.cfm?include=detail&storyid=213472link listed below, "For the first eight days following the KAL 007 incident no floating debris or body parts were reported recovered. In 1985, an Air India Boeing 747, carrying 329 passengers, exploded at 31,000 feet over the North Atlantic when a suspected bomb was detonated. In that tragedy 132 bodies were recovered — 123 of them on the same day. All were identified. In 1987, when a South African Airlines 747 exploded at 14,000 feet from a cargo-bay fire, 15 of 159 persons were recovered along with several thousand pieces of debris, some as far away as 2,000 nautical miles." A body count of two seems improbable to some skeptics. The 'official' resolution of the puzzle came in 1991 when the hitherto-concealed voice and data recorders were released by Moscow, apparently confirming the original professional accident investigation judgments that overconfident carelessness allowed a simple navigation error to go undetected. The alleged Soviet failure to properly attempt communication with the crew, and their urgency to stop the flight as it was passing out of Soviet airspace led to this tragedy. However, some theorists still tried to cast doubt on the authenticity of the voice and data recorder information made public by the Yeltsin regime, e.g., Michel Brun analyzed technical details of the timing sequences (''Incident at Sakhalin'', 1995), and Gollin/Allardyce presented an extraordinary analysis of radar tracks (''Desired Track'', 1994). And in 1995 Alvin Snyder, the former official of the United States Information Agency who had put together the videotape for U.S. ambassador Jeane Kirkpatrick's UN presentation on KAL 007, published a book (''Warriors of Disinformation'') in which he admitted: "By my calculation, the National Security Agency, with the apparent approval of the State Department and the White House, had deleted at least five critical minutes of conversation between the Russian fighter pilots and their ground controllers from the tape that we presented as evidence in the UN Security Council." This admission lent more credence to the Soviet claim that they did try to communicate with the intruder, to no avail. Although conspiracy theories still linger on the Internet, the 'unanswered questions' of this case have long since been settled to the satisfaction of airliner operations experts and government officialdom. One notable passenger of Flight 007 was Larry McDonald, Democratic congressman for Atlanta and founder of the Western Goals Foundation which was intended to combat the threat from Communism. Some political analysts have regarded the Western Goals Foundation as a neo-fascist group. He died when Korean Air Flight KAL-007 was shot down by Soviet fighters, becoming the only congressman ever killed by the Soviets during the Cold War. The idea that the Soviets knew he was on board and this is what caused them to be trigger happy is in no way proven, but an interesting consideration.

Popular culture

Two television movies were produced about the incident. ''Shootdown'' (1988), starring Angela Lansbury, John Cullum, and Kyle Secor, was based on the book of the same title by R.W. Johnson, about the efforts of Nan Moore (Lansbury), the mother of a passenger, to get answers from the US and Russian governments. A second telefilm, ''Tailspin'', detailed the government investigation. Both films were produced before the fall of the Soviet Union allowed access to archives and reflect American suspicions. Rock music|Rock star Gary Moore released a song titled "Murder in the Sky", which lyrically depicted this tragedy.

See also

List of accidents and incidents on commercial airliners

Avianca Flight 410

Iran Air Flight 655

Itavia Flight 870

TWA Flight 800

List of Korea-related topics

Larry McDonald (United States House of Representatives|U.S. congressman, passenger on Flight 007)

Further reading

Michel Brun, and Robert Bononno (Translator), ''Incident at Sakhalin: The True Mission of KAL Flight 007'', Four Walls Eight Windows, 1996, ISBN 1-568-58054-1.

William P. Grady, ''Understanding the Times - Volume One: How Satan Turned America From God'', Grady Publications, 2005, Chap. 15, "KAL 007", pp. 504-570, ISBN 0-9628809-3-0.

Seymour M. Hersh, ''"The Target Is Destroyed": What Really Happened to Flight 007 and What America Knew About It'', Vintage, 1987, ISBN 0-394-75527-8.

Jeffrey St. John, ''Day of the Cobra: The True Story of KAL Flight 007'', T. Nelson, 1984, ISBN 0-840-75381-0.

David E. Pearson, ''KAL 007: The Cover-Up'', Simon & Schuster, 1987, ISBN 0-671-55716-5.

James Gollin, and Robert Allardyce, ''Desired Track'', American Vision Publishing, 1994, ISBN 1-883868-01-7

R.W. Johnson, ''Shootdown: Flight 007 and the American Connection'', Viking Penguin, 1986, ISBN 0-670-81209-9

Alexander Dallin, ''Black Box'', University of California Press, 1985, ISBN 0-520-05515-2

Alvin Snyder, ''Warriors of Disinformation'', Arcade Publishing, 1995, ISBN 1-55970-389-X

Oliver Clubb, ''KAL Flight 007: The Hidden Story'', The Permanent Press, 1985, ISBN 0-932966-59-4

James Bamford, ''The Puzzle Palace'', Penguin Books, 1983, ISBN 0-14-00.6748-5

External links

http://www.inkpenpublishing.com/subsite/ballad.htm

http://www.rescue007.org

http://web.archive.org/web/20010919141246/www.insightmag.com/archive/200104171.shtml

http://www.thenewamerican.com/focus/mcdonald/kal/index.htm

http://www.thenewamerican.com/focus/mcdonald/

http://www.aim.org/publications/aim_report/2001/21.html

http://www.aim.org/publications/briefings/2002/jun24.html

http://www.jamesoberg.com/kal-007.html

http://users.rcn.com/lana.interport/link/colonel.html

http://www.airliners.net/open.file/314989/M/