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Nervous system

The '''nervous system''' of an animal coordinates the activity of the muscles, monitors the organ (anatomy)|organs, constructs and processes input from the senses, and initiates action (philosophy)|actions. (see Central Nervous System). In animals without brains, the nervous system does not generate or conduct thoughts and emotions. Thus it is the system that animates "animals" (sponges are an exception). Chemicals that target the activity of nerves generally are the most rapidly acting neurotoxin|toxins, typically causing paralysis and/or death.

Vertebrate nervous systems

The nervous systems of vertebrate animals are often divided into a central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The PNS consists of all other nerves and neurons that do not lie within the CNS. The large majority of what are commonly called nerves (which are actually axonal processes of nerve cells) are considered to be PNS. The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system|somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.
The somatic nervous system is responsible for coordinating the body's movements, and also for receiving external stimuli. The autonomic nervous system is the involuntary part of the nervous system where all of the internal maintenance is taken care of. The autonomic nervous system is then divided into the sympathetic nervous system|sympathetic division and parasympathetic nervous system|parasympathetic division. The sympathetic nervous system responds to impending danger or stress, and is responsible for the increase of one's heartbeat and blood pressure, among other physiological changes, along with the sense of excitement one feels due to the increase of adrenaline in the system. The parasympathetic nervous system, on the other hand, is evident when a person is resting and feels relaxed, and is responsible for such things as the constriction of the pupil, the slowing of the heart, the dilation of the blood vessels, and the stimulation of the digestive and genitourinary systems.

See also

  • auditory system
  • neuroendocrinology
  • neuroscience
  • neurotoxin
  • neural ensemble
  • olfactory
  • sensory system
  • somatic sensation
  • taste
  • visual perception|vision
  • zootomy



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