Vietnam

Terminology

The name of the country comes from the Vietnamese ''Việt Nam'', which is in turn a reordering of Nam Việt, the name of an ancient kingdom from the ancestral Vietnamese that covered much of today's northern Vietnam.

History

''Main article: History of Vietnam'' Vietnamese legends hold that native people populated and civilized the land more than 3,000 years ago. Chinese historical records tell of an indigenous people that existed about 2,500 years ago. Some historians, both in Asia and in the West, hold that the various peoples of today's Vietnam were brought together by a Qin Dynasty-era general who was fed up with the despotic rule of the Qin Shi Huang (first emperor of China proper) and escaped to the "southern Yue mountains" to set up his own kingdom. He and his soldiers conquered the land and established a civilized society modeled after ancient Chinese customs. Interestingly -- and puzzlingly -- this Chinese general adopted the native language (which probably sounded similar to southern Chinese dialects anyway) and married local women, who gave birth to sons that inherited the kingdom. Whether this is indeed historically true or not is still subject to debate. What is known for sure is that for most of the period from 207 BC to the early 10^th century, it was under the rule of successive dynasties of China. Sporadic independence movements were attempted, but were quickly extinguished by the Chinese. In 939, the Vietnamese conclusively defeated Chinese forces at the Bach Dang River and gained independence. They gained complete autonomy a century later. For much of its history, Vietnam has been influenced more or less by its much bigger northern neighbour, China. However, during the rule of the Tran Dynasty, it defeated three Mongol attempts of invasion by the Yuan Dynasty which had conquered much of China proper, most Asian territories and parts of Europe. Feudalism in Vietnam reached its zenith in the Le Dynasty 1400s, especially with the emperor Le Thanh Tong. The independent period ended in the mid-19^th century, when the country was colonized by France. French rule continued until World War II, when Japan briefly occupied Vietnam and used the country as a base to launch attacks against the rest of Indochina and India. When the war ended, France attempted to re-establish control but ultimately failed, after they were defeated at Dien Bien Phu. The Geneva Conference (1954)|Geneva Accords subsequently divided the country into North Vietnam and South Vietnam, separated by a DMZ (Vietnam)|demilitarized zone. During the Cold War, the North was supported by People's Republic of China|China and the Soviet Union while the South was supported by United States and other Western countries. Tensions quickly escalated into the Vietnam War. The war continued even after the Paris Peace Accords on January 27, 1973, which formally recognized the sovereignty of both sides. American troops were withdrawn by March 29, 1973. By April 30, 1975, communist forces overtook South Vietnam and by 1976, Vietnam was officially unified under the North Vietnamese government as The ''Socialist Republic of Vietnam''. After reunification, political and economic conditions deteriorated to near-famine conditions. Millions of Vietnamese became boat people over the next two decades. In late 1978, the Cambodian people, with the support of the Vietnamese Army, removed the Khmer Rouge from power. Only one month later, however, partially in retaliation, China launched a short-lived incursion into Vietnam: the Sino-Vietnamese War. In 1986, the Communist Party of Vietnam|Communist Party implemented economic reforms known as ''doi moi|đổi mới'' (renovation). During much of the 1990s, economic growth was rapid, and Vietnam reintegrated into the international community. It reestablished diplomatic relations with the United States in 1995. US President Bill Clinton visited Vietnam in 2000, and Prime minister Phan Van Khai|Phan Văn Khải visited the United States in 2005.

Politics

''Main article: Politics of Vietnam|Politics of Vietnam'' The Socialist Republic of Vietnam is governed through a highly centralized system dominated by the Communist Party of Vietnam|Communist Party of Vietnam (Đảng Cộng Sản Việt Nam), which was formerly known as the Vietnamese Labor Party. The government is, in theory, independent from the party, but in practice it receives most of its directives from the party. Although there has been some effort to discourage membership in overlapping party and state positions, this practice continues. Senior Politburo members (Tran Duc Luong|Trần Đức Lương, Phan Van Khai|Phan Văn Khải, Nguyen Van An|Nguyễn Văn An, Nguyen Tan Dung|Nguyễn Tấn Dũng, Le Hong Anh|Lê Hồng Anh and Pham Van Tra|Phạm Văn Trà) concurrently hold high positions in the government. There are no legal opposition parties in Vietnam, although a number of opposition groups do exist scattered overseas among exile communities within countries such as France and the United States. These communities have supported demonstrations and civil disobedience against the government. The most prominent are the Vietnamese Constitutional Monarchist League, People's Action Party of Vietnam|People's Action Party of Viet Nam, Montagnard Foundation Inc. and the Government of Free Vietnam|Government of Free Vietnam. The Government of Free Vietnam has claimed responsibility for a number of guerilla raids into Vietnam, which the government has denounced as terrorism. Former political parties include the nationalist Viet Nam Quoc Dan Dang of Nguyen Thai Hoc, the Can Lao party of the Ngo Dinh Diem|Ngô Đình Diệm government and the Viet Nam Duy Tan Hoi of Phan Boi Chau|Phan Bội Châu during the colonial period. Vietnam is a member of the United Nations, La Francophonie, ASEAN, and APEC and has applied for membership to the World Trade Organization.

Provinces

''Main article: Provinces of Vietnam|Provinces of Vietnam'' Vietnam's capital (''thủ đô'', singular and plural) is Hanoi (Hà Nội). There are also four municipalities (''thành phố trực thuộc Trung ương'', singular and plural) existing at provincial level: Can Tho|Cần Thơ, Da Nang|Đà Nẵng, Hai Phong|Hải Phòng, and Ho Chi Minh City|Hồ Chí Minh City (Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh). Hồ Chí Minh City was formerly known as Saigon. Besides the five cities, the country is divided into fifty-nine provinces (''tỉnh'', singular and plural): An Giang Province|An Giang, Bac Giang Province|Bắc Giang, Bac Kan Province|Bắc Cạn, Bac Lieu Province|Bạc Liêu, Bac Ninh Province|Bắc Ninh, Ba Ria-Vung Tau Province|Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu, Ben Tre Province|Bến Tre, Binh Dinh Province|Bình Định, Binh Duong Province|Bình Dương, Binh Phuoc Province|Bình Phước, Binh Thuan Province|Bình Thuận, Ca Mau Province|Cà Mau, Cao Bang Province|Cao Bằng, Dak Lak Province|Đắk Lắk, Dak Nong Province|Đắk Nông, Dien Bien Province|Điện Biên, Dong Nai Province|Đồng Nai, Dong Thap Province|Đồng Tháp, Gia Lai Province|Gia Lai, Ha Giang Province|Hà Giang, Hai Duong Province|Hải Dương, Ha Nam Province|Hà Nam, Ha Tay Province|Hà Tây, Ha Tinh Province|Hà Tĩnh, Hoa Binh Province|Hòa Bình, Hau Giang Province|Hậu Giang, Hung Yen Province|Hưng Yên, Khanh Hoa Province|Khánh Hòa, Kien Giang Province|Kiên Giang, Kon Tum Province|Kon Tum, Lai Chau Province|Lai Châu, Lam Dong Province|Lâm Đồng, Lang Son Province|Lạng Sơn, Lao Cai Province|Lào Cai, Long An Province|Long An, Nam Dinh Province|Nam Định, Nghe An Province|Nghệ An, Ninh Binh Province|Ninh Bình, Ninh Thuan Province|Ninh Thuận, Phu Tho Province|Phú Thọ, Phu Yen Province|Phú Yên, Quang Binh Province|Quảng Bình, Quang Nam Province|Quảng Nam, Quang Ngai Province|Quảng Ngãi, Quang Ninh Province|Quảng Ninh, Quang Tri Province|Quảng Trị, Soc Trang Province|Sóc Trăng, Son La Province|Sơn La, Tay Ninh Province|Tây Ninh, Thai Binh Province|Thái Bình, Thai Nguyen Province|Thái Nguyên, Thanh Hoa Province|Thanh Hóa, Thua Thien-Hue Province|Thừa Thiên-Huế, Tien Giang Province|Tiền Giang, Tra Vinh Province|Trà Vinh, Tuyen Quang Province|Tuyên Quang, Vinh Long Province|Vĩnh Long, Vinh Phuc Province|Vĩnh Phúc, Yen Bai Province|Yên Bái.

Geography

''Main article: Geography of Vietnam|Geography of Vietnam'' The country is approximately 331,688 square kilometers (128,066 Square mile |mi²) in area, which is slightly larger than New Mexico and slightly smaller than Germany. The topography consists of hills and densely forested mountains, with level land covering no more than 20 percent. Mountains account for 40 percent, hills 40 percent, and forests 75 percent. The northern part of the country consists of highlands and the Red River Delta. Fan Si Pan|Phan Xi Păng, located in Lao Cai province|Lào Cai province, is the highest mountain in Vietnam at 3,143 m (10,312 foot (unit of length)|ft). The south is divided into coastal lowlands, Dai Truong Son (central mountains) with high plateaus, and the Mekong River Delta. The climate is tropical and monsoonal; humidity averages 84 percent throughout the year. Annual rainfall ranges from 120 to 300 centimetres (47 to 118 inch|inches), and annual temperatures vary between 5°C (41°Fahrenheit|F) and 37°C (99°Fahrenheit|F). Land boundaries: Total: 4,639 km (2,883 mile|mi) Border countries: Cambodia 1,228 km (763 mile|mi), China 1,281 km (796 mile|mi), Laos 2,130 m (1,324 mile|mi)

Economy

''Main article: Economy of Vietnam|Economy of Vietnam'' In 1986, the Sixth Party Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam formally abandoned Marxist planned economy|economic planning and began introducing market economy|market elements as part of a broad economic reform package called "doi moi|đổi mới" ("Renovation"). In many ways, this followed Socialism with Chinese characteristics|the Chinese model and achieved similar results. On the one hand, Vietnam achieved around 8% annual Gross_domestic_product|GDP growth from 1990 to 1997 and continued at around 7% from 2000 to 2002, making it the world's second-fastest growing economy. Simultaneously, investment grew three-fold and savings|domestic savings quintupled. On the other hand, urban unemployment has been rising steadily in recent years due to high numbers of migration from the countryside to the cities, and rural unemployment, estimated to be up to 35% during nonharvest periods, is already at critical levels. Layoffs in the state sector and foreign-invested enterprises combined with the lasting effects of a previous military demobilization further exacerbated the unemployment situation. The country is attempting to become a member of the World Trade Organization|WTO. Vietnam, however, is still a relatively poor country with GDP of US$227.2 billion (est., 2004). This translates to US$2700 per capita. Inflation rate is estimated at 14% per year in 2004. This figure has been scaled down by the Government to 9.5% per annum to avoid the ‘double digit’ classification. The spending power of the public has noticeably increased. The reason lies in the high property prices. In Hanoi, the capital, property prices can be as high as those in Tokyo or New York City|New York. This has amazed many people because GDP per capita of this city is around US$1,000 per annum. The booming prices have given the poor land owners the opportunity to sell their homes for inflated prices. Corruption, bribery and embezzlement committed by many government officials have pushed property prices even higher, as real estate investment is a popular form of money laundering. Tourism has become an increasingly important industry in Vietnam. Many of the over 3 million annual visitors are Vietnam war veterans.

Demographics

]] ''Main article: Demographics of Vietnam|Demographics of Vietnam'' The Vietnamese government recognizes 54 distinct ethnic groups. The majority Vietnamese people|ethnic Vietnamese, also called ''Viet'' or ''Kinh'', make up about 86 percent of the nation's population. They are concentrated largely in the alluvial fans|alluvial deltas and in the coastal plains and have little in common with the minority peoples of the highlands, whom they have historically regarded as hostile and barbaric. A homogenous social group, the Viet exert influence on national life through their control of political and economic affairs and their role as purveyors of the dominant culture. By contrast, the ethnic minorities, except for the Khmer Krom|Khơ-me Crôm (Khmer Krom) and the Hoa (ethnic Han Chinese), are found mostly in the highlands that cover two-thirds of the national territory.

Religions

]] According to the 1999 census, eighty percent of Vietnamese subscribe to no religion. The remainder are predominantly Confucian and Mahayana Buddhist (esp. Mainstream Pure Land schools and Zen-inspired syncretists); with Roman Catholic, Protestant, Cao Dai|Cao Đài, and Hoa Hao minorities. The largest Protestant churches are the Evangelical Church of Vietnam and the Montagnard Evangelical Church. Membership to Sunni Islam|Sunni and Bashi Islam are usually accredited to the ethnic Cham people|Cham minority, but there are also a few ethnic Vietnamese adherents to Islam in the southwest.

Minorities

According to official figures from the 1999 census of Vietnam, the largest ethnic minorities of Vietnam were: #Tay people|Tày: 1,477,514 people # Thái (Thailand): 1,328,725 # Muong|{{IPA|Mường}}: 1,137,515 # Khmer Krom: 1,055,174 # Hoa (Chinese): 862,371 The Tay people live primarily in the mountains and foothills of northern Vietnam. Their language is a member of the Tai languages, belonging to the Central Tai subgroup and closely related to the Zhuang language of southern China. Thái is a name used by Vietnamese authorities for a group of people also from the mountainous northern region of Vietnam and whom western linguists say actually speak separate languages: Tai Dam, Tai Dón, Tai Daeng, Tai Hang Tong, Tày Tac, and Tai Thanh. All these languages are closely related and belong to the Southwestern Tai subgroup of the Tai languages. This official "Thái" ethnicity should not be confused with the Thai people|Thai people of Thailand. The Thai people of Thailand speak languages belonging to the Lao-Phutai branch of the Southwestern Tai subgroup, while the "Thái" of Vietnam speak languages belonging to the East Central branch of the Southwestern Tai subgroup. Although the Thái ethnicity is officially recognized in Vietnam, western linguistics do not recognize it and prefer to classify Tai Dam, Tai Dón, Tai Daeng, etc., as separate ethnic groups, in which case the minority moves to second largest minority of Vietnam, Khmer Krom move to third position, and Hoa to fourth position. The live in the mountains of north central Vietnam and speak a Mon-Khmer language closely related to the Vietnamese language. The Khơ-me Crôm (Khmer Krom) live in the fertile Mekong Delta|delta of the Mekong River in southern Vietnam and are ethnically the same as the Khmer people who make up the majority of the population of Cambodia. There is no consensus on the exact number of Khơ-me Crôm (Khmer Krom) living in Vietnam. The Vietnamese government reported 1,055,174 Khmer Krom at the 1999 census. Other estimates put the size of the Khmer Krom population at around 7 million (almost half as numerous as the Khmer living in Cambodia), although this is denied by the Vietnamese government. The Hoa (ethnic Han Chinese) are mainly lowlanders and, more specifically, urban dwellers. They speak predominantly Cantonese language|Cantonese (known to the Vietnamese as Quảng Đông), but there are also speakers of Hakka (linguistics)|Hakka (Khách Gia), Min Nan|Hokkien/Fujian (Phúc Kiến), Teochew (dialect)|Chaozhou, etc. Up to the 1979 Vietnamese census, the Hoa were the largest minority of Vietnam. However, since the North Vietnamese took over South Vietnam in 1975 many Hoa left Vietnam, especially in the 1980s, so that at the 1999 census the Hoa were only the fifth largest minority (or the fourth largest if the Thái are not considered as an homogenous ethnic group). Beyond these five largest ethnic minorities, there are 48 other minorities officially recognized by the Vietnamese government, giving a total of 53 minorities altogether. Many of these 53 minority groups only have a few thousand members or so. Vietnam also has a small number of racial Eurasians, people of Asian and Caucasian (whites|white) parentage. Most of them are descendants of Vietnamese people mixed with either early French people|French settlers or white United States|American soldiers and personnel (or both), during the colonial period and Vietnam War. There are some who are racially mixed with blacks as well, another product during the Vietnam War from American soldiers. Mixed race individuals face the most discrimination in Vietnamese society and government, especially ones who are product of American soldiers (white or black) from the Vietnam War. Officially, the ethnic minorities are referred to as "national minorities". The French used the name Montagnard (plural Montagnards, meaning "mountain people") to call all the minorities (except the Khmer Krom and the Hoa), no matter what their actual language. The name Montagnard is still sometimes used today. Sometimes, the name Montagnard is used specifically for the ethnic group. Human Rights Non-governmental organization|NGOs point out the Vietnamese government's poor record with respect to ethnic minorities. In particular, the large Khơ-me Crôm (Khmer Krom) minority of southern Vietnam is denied elementary human rights in an effort by the Vietnamese government to Vietnamize the Khmer Krom, or force them to leave their native land and relocate to Cambodia. The Vietnamese government is afraid that the large native Khmer Krom population in the Mekong delta could allow Cambodia to officially claim back the fertile areas of the delta that were annexed by Vietnam more than 200 years ago. On the other hand, some in the Vietnamese government still pursue the centuries old policy of colonizing Khmer land, and it was reported that in the 1980s and 1990s some local Vietnamese officials have pushed the Cambodian-Vietnamese border several kilometers inside Cambodian territory, annexing tens of Cambodian villages, in violation of international treaties, thus further increasing the ethnic Khmer population inside Vietnam. Further north, there have been reports of tensions with the Tày people due to the government sponsored relocation of ethnic Vietnamese from the lowlands to the highlands inhabited by the Tày and other minorities. Protests and demonstrations by highland minorities have been reported.

Percentage of ethnic Vietnamese

According to the 1999 census, ethnic Vietnamese (Kinh) numbered 65,795,718 and thus accounted for 86.2% of the total population of Vietnam. In terms of land area, the ethnic Vietnamese inhabit a little less than half of Vietnam, while the ethnic minorities inhabit the majority of Vietnam's land (albeit the least fertile parts of the country). The birth rate of the ethnic Vietnamese (and also the Hoa), which historically has been very high, decreased significantly since the 1980s and is now reaching much lower levels, comparable to the birth rates in Thailand or Malaysia. The birth rate of the minorities is still very high, comparable to birth rates in Cambodia or Laos. As a result, the ethnic minorities are now growing at a faster rate than the ethnic Vietnamese, which means that the percentage of ethnic Vietnamese in the total population is slowly decreasing year after year. According to official figures, at the 1979 census the ethnic Vietnamese accounted for 87.4% of the total population. The figure was down to 86.9% at the 1989 census, and 86.2% at the 1999 census.

Languages

According to official figures, 86.2% of the population speak Vietnamese language|Vietnamese as a native tongue. Various other languages are spoken by the several minority groups in Vietnam. The most spoken languages are: Tày (1.5 million), Muong (1.2 million), Khmer language|Khmer (1.05 million), Cantonese language|Cantonese (870,000, this figure also includes speakers of other Chinese dialects), Nung language|Nung (860,000), Hmong language|Hmong (790,000), and Tai Dam (700,000). French language|French, a legacy of colonial rule, is spoken by some (mostly older) Vietnamese as a second language. Russian language|Russian- and to a much lesser extent Czech language|Czech or Polish language|Polish- is often known among "baby-boomers" whose families had ties with the Soviet bloc. In recent years, English language|English has become a more popular language to learn and is increasingly used in business, among other things. See also: List of ethnic groups in Vietnam

Culture

''Main article: Culture of Vietnam|Culture of Vietnam'' In its early history, Vietnamese writing used Chinese characters. In the 16th century, the Vietnamese developed their own set of characters called Chu Nom|Chữ Nôm. The celebrated epic ''The Tale of Kieu|Đoạn trường tân thanh'' (or Truyện Kiều) by Nguyen Du|Nguyễn Du is written in Chữ Nôm. During the French colonial period, Quoc Ngu|Quốc Ngữ, the romanized Vietnamese alphabet representation of spoken Vietnamese, became popular and brought literacy to the masses. This had a profound effect on the political power in the country. Due to Vietnam's long association with China, Vietnamese culture remains strongly Confucianism|Confucian with its emphasis on familial duty and harmony. Education is highly prized. Historically, passing the imperial Mandarin_(bureaucrat)|Mandarin exams was the only means for ambitious Vietnamese to socially advance themselves. In the modern era, Vietnamese are trying to reconcile traditional culture with Western ideas of individual freedom, distrust of authority, and consumer culture. The majority of Vietnamese are adherents to Mahayana Buddhism, influenced by Confucianism and Daoism, and with a strong emphasis on ancestor worship. Some critics say that the Vietnamese' second religion is superstition and fatalism, brought on by the decades of war. Vietnam's cuisine and music have three distinct flavors, related to Vietnam's three regions: Bac or North, Trung or Central, and Nam or South. Northern classical music is Vietnam's oldest and is traditionally more formal. Vietnamese classical music can be traced to the Mongol invasions, when the Vietnamese captured a Chinese opera troupe. Central classical music shows the influences of Champa culture with its melancholic melodies. Southern music exudes a lively laissez faire|laissez faire attitude, probably due to the region's relative prosperity. Vietnamese cuisine is based on rice, soy sauce, and fish sauce. Its characteristic flavor is sweet (sugar), spicy (serrano peppers), and flavored by a variety of mints. See also:

Cuisine of Vietnam

Music of Vietnam

Miscellaneous topics

Communications in Vietnam|Communications in Vietnam

Foreign relations of Vietnam|Foreign relations of Vietnam

Holidays in Vietnam|Holidays in Vietnam

List of Vietnam-related topics|List of Vietnam-related topics

List of Vietnamese companies

Military of Vietnam|Military of Vietnam

Transportation in Vietnam|Transportation in Vietnam

External links

http://www.cpv.org.vn/index_e.html the sole legal party

http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=491

http://www.mofa.gov.vn/en/

http://www.mofa.gov.vn/en/tt_vietnam/

http://www.na.gov.vn/english/index.html The Vietnamese legislative body

http://www.photo.com.vn

http://www.vietfirm.com

http://www.terragalleria.com/vietnam/

http://english.vietnamnet.vn/ Largest Vietnamese portal

http://www.vietnamtourism.com/index/e_index.asp

http://www.asinah.org/travel-guides/vietnam.html

http://www.vnexpress.net/ VietNam News Daily

http://www.vov.org.vn/Defaultv.htm National radio broadcaster

http://www.all.com.vn

http://sticky-rice.com/essays.html

http://www.willgoto.com/398/1/categories.aspx

http://www.ianandwendy.com/OtherTrips/ChinaVietnamCambodia/Vietnam/?nosplash=trueBackpacker's pictures from a trip through Vietnam

http://www.artpoetryfiction.com/art/sang/index.html Award Winning Vietnamese Photographer .

http://www.unisdr.org/wcdr/preparatory-process/national-reports/Vietnam-report.pdf